Socialism and the Social Movement in the 19th Century — Reading Companion

I. WHENCE AND WHITHER 1

Class struggle--Kant--The meaning of the social movement--Essential elements in every social movement--Characterisation of the social movement--Conditions under which the working class lives--Russian peasants--Irish "rack-rent" tenants-- Uncertainty of existence--The Japanese--The Kurd-- Hegel--The ground of revolutionary passions in the modern proletariat--Time environment of the modern social movement--"Revolutionism."

II. CONCERNING UTOPIAN SOCIALISM 19

Social literature, old and new--Adam Smith--David Ricardo--"Christian socialism"--Lamennais--Kingsley-- "Ethical socialism"--Sismondi--Carlyle--"Philanthropic socialism"--Pierre Leroux--Grün--Hess-- Anti-capitalistic literature--Adam Müller--Leopold von Haller--Capitalistic methods of production--Utopian socialists--St. Simon--Fourier--Owen.

III. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT 37

Beginnings of the social movement carried on by the masses--Historic occurrences--Middle-class movements--French Revolution--_Loi martiale_-- "Coalition Law"--Marat--The men of Montaigne--The Sans-culottes--Danton--Robespierre--Constitution of 1793--_Droits de l'Homme_--Insurrection of Babeuf--The first proletarian agitation--Elizabethan trade law--The Chartist movement--English type of working-men's movement--French type--German type--Variations of the social movement--English social development--Carlyle's teaching.

IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL PECULIARITIES 62

Characterisation of the English working-men's movement--English industrial monopoly, 1850-1880-- Alternation of power between Tories and Whigs--Value of legislation in favour of the working man-- Temperament of the English working-man--Practical tendency of the old English trade-union--English "social peace"--French "revolutionism"--Factionism-- Clubbism--Putschism--Proudhon--The bourgeoisie-- Significance of the Reign of Terror--Difference between Roman type of the born revolutionist and the English working-man--Victor Hehn--French anarchism-- Bakunin--The peculiarities of social agitation in Germany--Ferdinand Lassalle--Schulze-Delitzsch--The Lassalle movement.

Birthplace, 1818--Parentage--Cosmopolitanism of the Marx family--At Bonn--Bruno Bauer--Driven from Prussia--From Paris--Finds rest in London--Death, 1883--Marxian theory of social agitation--Communistic Manifesto of Karl Marx and Frederic Engels--The theory of value--Marx's application of the evolution idea to the social movement--Ideal and material emancipation of the proletariat--Creation of class interest--Marxism as a social-political realism-- Engels's _Struggle of Classes in France_.

VI. THE TREND TOWARDS UNITY 121

The proletarian-socialistic character of the revolution of 1848--Internationalism--First attempt for international combination--The "International"--The "Inaugural Address"--_Alliance Internationale de la Démocratie Sociale_--Dissolution of the "International"--Internal and external unification of the proletariat--Lassalle's "Working-Men's Union"--Wilhelm Liebknecht--August Bebel--The Social-Democratic Working-Men's Party--The "Honourables"--The "Social-Democratic Party"--The "Gotha" programme--Gradual extension of the Marxian system--French trade-union agitation--Approach of the English working-men's movement to that of the Continental--The "minimum programme" of all social agitation--Centripetal and centrifugal tendency of the social agitation.

VII. TENDENCIES OF THE PRESENT 142

Contradiction apparent in the great social movement-- Sources from which contradictions spring--Political influence of the social movement--Revolutionism a manifestation of unripeness--Meaning of social evolution--Theoretical and practical social development--Confusion of "ideal" and "programme"-- Relation of the proletariat to the _demos_--The social movement to be the representative of the highest form of economic life at every period of production upon the largest scale--The "agrarian question"--The Marxian theory of development only for the sphere of manufactures--Does not apply to agricultural development--Anti-religious nature of the proletarian movement--The grounds for this enmity to religion--The movement anti-ecclesiastical-- Patriotism--Not the heritage of a particular class-- Nationalism--Feeling of nationalism not shared by the proletariat--No reason in the essence of modern socialism for anti-nationalism--Asiatic development-- Advancement of Japan--Attitude of America towards Asiatic development.

Necessity of the social movement--Lorenz von Stein--"Class strife" not identical with civil war--Various forms of "class strife"--Struggle the solution in social life--Conflict not necessarily the beginning of a new culture--Can also betoken the end of the old--Social struggle should be determined within legal bounds--Must be carried on with proper weapons--English social agitation as a model.

APPENDIX. CHRONICLE OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT (1750-1896) 178

Notable inventions of modern machinery--"Machine Riots"--Petitions against machines and manufactories--Laws for the protection of machines--Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"--Robert Owen's chief writing's--Fourier's first great book--Complete removal of Elizabethan trade restrictions--The "Savannah" arrives at Liverpool--Chief work of St. Simon--More liberal coalition law--Opening of the Manchester-Liverpool Railroad--Insurrection of the silk workers in Lyons--Beginning of specific legislation for working men--Founding of the German Zollverein--Beginnings of German national industry--Introduction of Rowland Hill's penny postage--Telegraph first applied to English railroads--German governmental regulations for the repression of the working-men's movement--Severe laws of Napoleon III. for the repression of all social agitation--First World's Exposition in London--Bismarck forces the general, equal, secret, and direct ballot--Liberal trade regulation for the German Empire--Rapid development of capitalism in Germany, especially after the war--Trade-union act (English) supplemented in 1875--Law concerning the socialists in Germany--Beginning of governmental working-men's association in Germany--Insurance for the sick, against accident, for the sick and aged, in Germany--Endorsement of a legal establishment of the eight-hour work-day by the Trade-Union Congress in Liverpool--International Working-Men's Protection Conference in Berlin--Third International Working-Men's Congress in Zurich, at which English trade-unions deliberate officially with the Continental socialists--Fourth International Working-Men's Congress in London.

SOCIALISM AND THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN THE XIXTH CENTURY

"Da ist's denn wieder, wie die Sterne wollten: Bedingung und Gesetz; und aller Wille Ist nur ein Wollen, weil wir eben sollten, Und vor dem Willen schweigt die Willkür stille."